A	Adit	horizontal passage to access mineralisation, usually in the side of a hill.
	Ag	chemical symbol for silver.
	Alloy	compound of two or more metals.
	Alteration	changes in the chemical or mineralogical composition of a rock, generally produced by weathering or hydrothermal solutions.
	Andesite	variety of volcanic rock.
	Anomalous	value of a given element that is deemed to be above the background or normal value.
	Anticline	inverted “U” shaped fold or structure in stratified rocks with the oldest rocks in the centre.
	Arsenopyrite	mineral containing arsenic, sulphur and iron.
	Assay	chemical test performed on a sample of ores or minerals to determine the amount of valuable metals contained.
	Assay map	plan view of an area indicating assay values and locations of all samples taken on the property
	Au	chemical symbol for gold.
B	Basal	dense dark volcanic rock.
	Base metal	non-ferrous, non-precious metal, including copper, lead and zinc.
C	Category C1	Kazakhstani reserve category, where blocks are delineated by mine workings above and below.
	Category C2	Kazakhstani reserve category, extrapolated from category C1, but with more complex geology or limited mine workings.
	Channel sample	means of taking a sample from a rock face by collecting the cuttings from a small channel.
	Country rock	term used to describe the rocks surrounding an ore body.
	Cu	chemical symbol for copper.
D	Deposit	anomalous occurrence of a specific mineral or minerals within the Earth’s crust.
	Diamond drilling	drilling method which obtains a cylindrical core of rock by drilling with an annular bit set with diamonds.
	Dilational structure	geological structure which results in an opening in the rock which can subsequently be filled by ore bearing material such as veins.
	Diorite	intrusive igneous rock with a mixture of dark and light minerals.
	Dip	inclination of a geological feature/rock from the horizontal (perpendicular to strike).
	Disseminated	fine grained material scattered quite evenly throughout the rock.
	Doré	unrefined gold, usually in bar form and consisting primarily of gold with smaller amounts of other previous and base metal, which will be further refined to high purity gold bullion.
E	Epithermal	hydrothermal ore deposit formed at lower temperatures (50-200 °C) and depths (1 km).
F	Fault	fracture in a rock along which there has been relative displacement.
	Fe	chemical symbol for iron.
	Feasibility study	detailed study of the economics of a project based on technical calculations and specific mine dence to justify a decision on construction.
	Fire assay	assaying method commonly used for the determination of precious metal content.
	Flexure	fold or bend in rock strata.
	Flotation	mineral processing method used to concentrate the economic minerals from the ore prior to further processing.
	Footwall	the underlying side of a fault, ore body or mine working.
G	g	gram
	Galena	lead sulphide, PbS, principal mineral of lead ores.
	Geophysical prospecting	technique which measures the physical properties (chargeability, resistivity, magnetism etc) of rocks and defines anomalies for further testing.
	Grade	the concentration of metals and their chemical compounds within a body of rock
	Granite	medium-to coarse-grained igneous rock usually light-coloured.
	g/t	unit of grade for precious metals: grams per tonne (= parts per million).
H	Hanging wall	the overlying side of a fault, ore body or mine working.
	Heap-leaching	process whereby gold is extracted by “heaping” ore on sloping impermeable pads and applying to the heaps, a weak cyanide solution which dissolves the gold content. The gold-laden solution is collected for gold recovery and recycled to the heaps.
	Hydrogeology	branch of geology associated with the study of underground water.
	Hydrothermal	name given to geological processes associated with heated or relating to heat derived from within the Earth, commonly related to igneous intrusions.
I	Inferred Mineral Resource Grade	mineral content which can be estimated with a reasonable level of confidence. It is based on exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. The locations are too widely or inappropriately spaced to confirm geological and/or grade continuity but are spaced closely enough for continuity to be assumed.
	In-situ	in place.
	Intrusion	body of igneous rock that invades older rocks.
J	JORC	widely accepted standard for reporting mineral resources and ore reserves established by the Australasian Joint Ore Reserves Committee.
L	Leaching	chemical process for the extraction of valuable minerals from ore
	Limonite	hydrous oxide of iron of a brown color and yellowish brown powder.
	Lower Ordovician	period of geologic time spanning from 425 to 500 million years ago and a system of rocks.
M	Massive sulphide	relatively dense, fine grained, sometimes bedded, sulphide mineralisation, commonly lens-shaped and stratiform, i.e. restricted to a particular geologic horizon.
	Measured Mineral Resource Grade	mineral content which can be estimated with a reasonable level of confidence. It is based on exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. The locations are too widely or inappropriately spaced to confirm geological and/or grade continuity but are spaced closely enough for continuity to be assumed.
	Mesothermal	hydrothermal ore deposit formed at intermediate temperatures (200 °C to 300 °C) and depths (1,200m to 4,500m).
	Metallurgical test	studies pertaining to the production, purification and properties of metals and their extraction.
	Mineralised	area of ground considered worthy of investigation with respect to mineral potential.
O	Oxidized	soft, weathered rock having undergone a chemical reaction with oxygen by oxidation of such elements as sulphur, iron and carbon.
P	Paleozoic	first three eras of the Paleozoic, spanning 570 to 428 million years ago.
	Pb	chemical symbol for the element lead.
	Percussion drilling	drilling method in which the drilling bit falls with force into rock.
	Permian	final period of the Paleozoic era, spanning 290 to 248 million years ago.
	Pull-apart	structure produced in beds that have been disrupted and separated during extensional deformation.
	Pyrite	iron sulphide mineral.
Q	Quartz	common rock-forming mineral (SiO2)
S	Saprolite	soft, clay-rich, decomposed rock formed near the surface by chemical weathering.
	Sericite	fine-grained white micaceous mineral, often the product of alteration.
	Silicification	introduction of silica into a non-siliceous rock via groundwater or fluids of igneous origin by either filling pore spaces or replacing pre-existing minerals.
	Sphalerite	zinc sulphide, a primary zinc ore mineral.
	Stockwork	mineral deposit formed of a network of small, irregular veins; control on the deposition of ore minerals by rocks of particular sequence or age.
	Stockpile	accumulated stock of ore or materials held in reserve.
	Stratigraphic units	arrangement of rock strata.
	Strike.	direction taken by a structural surface such as a fault or bedding plane as it intersects a horizontal plane.
	Strike-slip fault	fault where the component of movement occurs parallel to the strike of the fault.
	Sulphide	metalliferous minerals formed with sulphur and often iron.
	Supergene	mineral deposit formed near surface by descending solutions.
	SX/EW	solvent extraction, electrowinning.
T	Terrigenous	sedimentary rock derived from land by erosive action.
	Trenching	means of exposing and sampling near-surface geology by digging a trench.
	Tuff	rock formed from volcanic ash fall deposits.
V	Vein	tabular deposit of minerals occupying a fracture, in which particles may grow away from the walls towards the middle.
	VMS	mineral deposit of metallic massive sulphides formed directly through processes associated with volcanism, commonly in a submarine setting.
	Volcanic	pertaining to igneous rocks which have been erupted from volcanoes.
W	Weathering	degradation of rocks at the Earth’s surface by climatic forces.
Z	Zn	chemical symbol for the element zinc.